In recent months, the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) has announced preliminary affirmative determinations in the anti-dumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) investigations of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into modules (solar cells), from India, Indonesia, and Laos. The Indonesia and Laos investigations considered allegations of "transnational subsidies" from the Chinese government in the form of input products provided for less than adequate remuneration.